Peter Devantier

1816 - 1876  (59 years)   Has 28 ancestors and 98 descendants in this family tree.

Marie Devantier

1798 -

Birth	6 Feb 1798	Bagemühl, Uckermark, Germany
Christened	11 Feb 1798	Bagemühl, Uckermark, Germany
Father	Jacques Devantier,   b. 9 Aug 1757, Bagemühl, Uckermark, Germany
Mother	Charlotte Devantier,   b. 12 Jan 1775, Bagemühl, Uckermark, Germany
Married	19 Nov 1795	Bagemühl, Uckermark, Germany

Jacques Devantier

1800 - 1864  (64 years)

Birth	2 Jan 1800	Bagemühl, Uckermark, Germany
Christened	15 Jan 1800	Bagemühl, Uckermark, Germany
Died	30 Dec 1864	Bagemühl, Uckermark, Germany
Father	Jacques Devantier,   b. 9 Aug 1757, Bagemühl, Uckermark, Germany
Mother	Charlotte Devantier,   b. 12 Jan 1775, Bagemühl, Uckermark, Germany
Married	19 Nov 1795	Bagemühl, Uckermark, Germany
Family	Marie Resinius,   b. 1820, Meichow, Uckermark, Germany
Married	28 Jul 1839	Potzlow, Brandenburg, Germany
Children	1. Marie Devantier,   b. 22 Nov 1840, Bagemühl, Uckermark, Germany   2. Jeanne Wilhelmine Devantier,   b. 22 Jul 1842, Bagemühl, Uckermark, Germany   3. Charlotte Friederike Devantier,   b. 7 May 1844, Bagemühl, Uckermark, Germany + 4. Louise Auguste Devantier,   b. 5 Jan 1847, Bagemühl, Uckermark, Germany   5. Anne Ernestine Devantier,   b. 11 Jan 1850, Bagemühl, Uckermark, Germany

Marie Resinius

1820 -

Birth	1820	Meichow, Uckermark, Germany
Father	Peter Resinius
Mother	Rachel Beccu
Family	Jacques Devantier,   b. 2 Jan 1800, Bagemühl, Uckermark, Germany
Married	28 Jul 1839	Potzlow, Brandenburg, Germany
Children	1. Marie Devantier,   b. 22 Nov 1840, Bagemühl, Uckermark, Germany   2. Jeanne Wilhelmine Devantier,   b. 22 Jul 1842, Bagemühl, Uckermark, Germany   3. Charlotte Friederike Devantier,   b. 7 May 1844, Bagemühl, Uckermark, Germany + 4. Louise Auguste Devantier,   b. 5 Jan 1847, Bagemühl, Uckermark, Germany   5. Anne Ernestine Devantier,   b. 11 Jan 1850, Bagemühl, Uckermark, Germany

Susanne Devantier

1802 -

Birth	18 Jan 1802	Bagemühl, Uckermark, Germany
Christened	22 Jan 1802	Bagemühl, Uckermark, Germany
Father	Jacques Devantier,   b. 9 Aug 1757, Bagemühl, Uckermark, Germany
Mother	Charlotte Devantier,   b. 12 Jan 1775, Bagemühl, Uckermark, Germany
Married	19 Nov 1795	Bagemühl, Uckermark, Germany

Elisabeth Devantier

1803 -

Birth	13 Oct 1803	Bagemühl, Uckermark, Germany
Christened	19 Oct 1803	Woddow, Brandenburg, Germany
Father	Jacques Devantier,   b. 9 Aug 1757, Bagemühl, Uckermark, Germany
Mother	Charlotte Devantier,   b. 12 Jan 1775, Bagemühl, Uckermark, Germany
Married	19 Nov 1795	Bagemühl, Uckermark, Germany
Family	Jacques le Fevre,   b. 24 Feb 1793, Bagemühl, Uckermark, Germany
Married	24 Nov 1824	Bagemühl, Uckermark, Germany

Jacques le Fevre

1793 - 1831  (38 years)

Birth	24 Feb 1793	Bagemühl, Uckermark, Germany
Died	17 Mar 1831	Bagemühl, Uckermark, Germany
Father	Jean le Fevre
Mother	Susanne Devantier,   b. 28 Oct 1759, Bagemühl, Uckermark, Germany
Married	3 Nov 1786	Bagemühl, Uckermark, Germany
Family	Elisabeth Devantier,   b. 13 Oct 1803, Bagemühl, Uckermark, Germany
Married	24 Nov 1824	Bagemühl, Uckermark, Germany

Ester Devantier

1805 -

Birth	28 Apr 1805	Bagemühl, Uckermark, Germany
Christened	3 May 1805	Woddow, Brandenburg, Germany
Father	Jacques Devantier,   b. 9 Aug 1757, Bagemühl, Uckermark, Germany
Mother	Charlotte Devantier,   b. 12 Jan 1775, Bagemühl, Uckermark, Germany
Married	19 Nov 1795	Bagemühl, Uckermark, Germany

Jean Devantier

1807 - 1843  (35 years)

Birth	28 Sep 1807	Bagemühl, Uckermark, Germany
Christened	4 Oct 1807	Bagemühl, Uckermark, Germany
Died	18 Jun 1843	Bagemühl, Uckermark, Germany
Father	Jacques Devantier,   b. 9 Aug 1757, Bagemühl, Uckermark, Germany
Mother	Charlotte Devantier,   b. 12 Jan 1775, Bagemühl, Uckermark, Germany
Married	19 Nov 1795	Bagemühl, Uckermark, Germany

Judith Devantier

1810 - 1817  (6 years)

Birth	22 Aug 1810	Bagemühl, Uckermark, Germany
Christened	27 Aug 1810	Bagemühl, Uckermark, Germany
Died	28 Jul 1817	Bagemühl, Uckermark, Germany
Father	Jacques Devantier,   b. 9 Aug 1757, Bagemühl, Uckermark, Germany
Mother	Charlotte Devantier,   b. 12 Jan 1775, Bagemühl, Uckermark, Germany
Married	19 Nov 1795	Bagemühl, Uckermark, Germany

Charlotte Devantier

1813 -

Birth	13 Apr 1813	Bagemühl, Uckermark, Germany
Father	Jacques Devantier,   b. 9 Aug 1757, Bagemühl, Uckermark, Germany
Mother	Charlotte Devantier,   b. 12 Jan 1775, Bagemühl, Uckermark, Germany
Married	19 Nov 1795	Bagemühl, Uckermark, Germany

Peter Devantier

1816 - 1876  (59 years)

Birth	3 Dec 1816	Bagemühl, Uckermark, Germany
Died	25 Mar 1876	Clinton Township, Macomb County, Michigan, USA
Father	Jacques Devantier,   b. 9 Aug 1757, Bagemühl, Uckermark, Germany
Mother	Charlotte Devantier,   b. 12 Jan 1775, Bagemühl, Uckermark, Germany
Married	19 Nov 1795	Bagemühl, Uckermark, Germany
Family	Fredericka Wilhelmine Volker,   b. 25 Dec 1827, Germany
Children	+ 1. Johan Friedrich Wilhelm Devantier,   b. 14 Jan 1856, Michigan, USA + 2. Elizabeth Devantier,   b. 28 Jan 1858, Michigan, USA + 3. Heinrich August Devantier,   b. 27 May 1860, Macomb County, Michigan, USA + 4. Albert Julius Devantier,   b. 27 May 1862, Michigan, USA + 5. Bertha Devantier,   b. 2 Feb 1865, Clinton Township, Macomb County, Michigan, USA + 6. Edward Devantier,   b. 28 Sep 1867, Clinton Township, Macomb County, Michigan, USA

Fredericka Wilhelmine Volker

1827 - 1889  (61 years)

Birth	25 Dec 1827	Germany
Died	15 Feb 1889	Macomb County, Michigan, USA
Family	Peter Devantier,   b. 3 Dec 1816, Bagemühl, Uckermark, Germany
Children	+ 1. Johan Friedrich Wilhelm Devantier,   b. 14 Jan 1856, Michigan, USA + 2. Elizabeth Devantier,   b. 28 Jan 1858, Michigan, USA + 3. Heinrich August Devantier,   b. 27 May 1860, Macomb County, Michigan, USA + 4. Albert Julius Devantier,   b. 27 May 1862, Michigan, USA + 5. Bertha Devantier,   b. 2 Feb 1865, Clinton Township, Macomb County, Michigan, USA + 6. Edward Devantier,   b. 28 Sep 1867, Clinton Township, Macomb County, Michigan, USA

Pierre Devantier

Birth	La Gorgue, La Leu, Nord Pas de Calais, France
Family	Marguerite Le Conte
Children	+ 1. Jacob Devantier,   b. ca 1611, La Gorgue, La Leu, Nord Pas de Calais, France   2. Marguerite Devantier,   b. 1616, La Gorgue, La Leu, Nord Pas de Calais, France   3. Matheus Devantier,   b. 1619, La Gorgue, La Leu, Nord Pas de Calais, France

Esther Sy

1716 - 1780  (63 years)

Birth	12 Jul 1716	Bergholz, Kreis Prenzlau, Brandenburg, Germany
Died	12 Mar 1780	Plöwen, Brandenburg, Germany
Family	Daniel Houdelette,   b. 11 Jan 1712, Plöwen, Brandenburg, Germany
Married	23 Mar 1733	Bergholz, Kreis Prenzlau, Brandenburg, Germany
Children	+ 1. Judith Houdelette,   b. 21 Nov 1735, Plöwen, Brandenburg, Germany

Jacques Devantier

1757 - 1829  (72 years)

Birth	9 Aug 1757	Bagemühl, Uckermark, Germany
Christened	14 Aug 1757	Battin, Brandenburg, Germany
Died	14 Sep 1829	Bagemühl, Uckermark, Germany
Father	Jacques Devantier,   b. 26 May 1718, Bagemühl, Uckermark, Germany
Mother	Anna Tancre,   b. 13 Jan 1734, Battin, Brandenburg, Germany
Married	1756	Bergholz, Kreis Prenzlau, Brandenburg, Germany
Family	Charlotte Devantier,   b. 12 Jan 1775, Bagemühl, Uckermark, Germany
Married	19 Nov 1795	Bagemühl, Uckermark, Germany
Children	1. Marie Devantier,   b. 6 Feb 1798, Bagemühl, Uckermark, Germany + 2. Jacques Devantier,   b. 2 Jan 1800, Bagemühl, Uckermark, Germany   3. Susanne Devantier,   b. 18 Jan 1802, Bagemühl, Uckermark, Germany   4. Elisabeth Devantier,   b. 13 Oct 1803, Bagemühl, Uckermark, Germany   5. Ester Devantier,   b. 28 Apr 1805, Bagemühl, Uckermark, Germany   6. Jean Devantier,   b. 28 Sep 1807, Bagemühl, Uckermark, Germany   7. Judith Devantier,   b. 22 Aug 1810, Bagemühl, Uckermark, Germany   8. Charlotte Devantier,   b. 13 Apr 1813, Bagemühl, Uckermark, Germany + 9. Peter Devantier,   b. 3 Dec 1816, Bagemühl, Uckermark, Germany

Charlotte Devantier

1775 -

Birth	12 Jan 1775	Bagemühl, Uckermark, Germany
Christened	14 Jan 1775	Bergholz, Kreis Prenzlau, Brandenburg, Germany
Father	David Devantier,   b. 16 Mar 1710, Bagemühl, Uckermark, Germany
Mother	Judith Houdelette,   b. 21 Nov 1735, Plöwen, Brandenburg, Germany
Married	12 Jan 1757	Bergholz, Kreis Prenzlau, Brandenburg, Germany
Family	Jacques Devantier,   b. 9 Aug 1757, Bagemühl, Uckermark, Germany
Married	19 Nov 1795	Bagemühl, Uckermark, Germany
Children	1. Marie Devantier,   b. 6 Feb 1798, Bagemühl, Uckermark, Germany + 2. Jacques Devantier,   b. 2 Jan 1800, Bagemühl, Uckermark, Germany   3. Susanne Devantier,   b. 18 Jan 1802, Bagemühl, Uckermark, Germany   4. Elisabeth Devantier,   b. 13 Oct 1803, Bagemühl, Uckermark, Germany   5. Ester Devantier,   b. 28 Apr 1805, Bagemühl, Uckermark, Germany   6. Jean Devantier,   b. 28 Sep 1807, Bagemühl, Uckermark, Germany   7. Judith Devantier,   b. 22 Aug 1810, Bagemühl, Uckermark, Germany   8. Charlotte Devantier,   b. 13 Apr 1813, Bagemühl, Uckermark, Germany + 9. Peter Devantier,   b. 3 Dec 1816, Bagemühl, Uckermark, Germany

Fredericka Wilhelmine Volker

1827 - 1889  (61 years)

Birth	25 Dec 1827	Germany
Died	15 Feb 1889	Macomb County, Michigan, USA
Family	Peter Devantier,   b. 3 Dec 1816, Bagemühl, Uckermark, Germany
Children	+ 1. Johan Friedrich Wilhelm Devantier,   b. 14 Jan 1856, Michigan, USA + 2. Elizabeth Devantier,   b. 28 Jan 1858, Michigan, USA + 3. Heinrich August Devantier,   b. 27 May 1860, Macomb County, Michigan, USA + 4. Albert Julius Devantier,   b. 27 May 1862, Michigan, USA + 5. Bertha Devantier,   b. 2 Feb 1865, Clinton Township, Macomb County, Michigan, USA + 6. Edward Devantier,   b. 28 Sep 1867, Clinton Township, Macomb County, Michigan, USA

Johan Friedrich Wilhelm Devantier

1856 - 1926  (70 years)

Nickname	John
Birth	14 Jan 1856	Michigan, USA
Died	15 Apr 1926	Clinton Township, Macomb County, Michigan, USA
Father	Peter Devantier,   b. 3 Dec 1816, Bagemühl, Uckermark, Germany
Mother	Fredericka Wilhelmine Volker,   b. 25 Dec 1827, Germany
Family	Anna A Blank,   b. 26 Mar 1859, Michigan, USA
Married	3 Apr 1889	Clinton Township, Macomb County, Michigan, USA
Children	1. Henry W. Devantier,   b. 18 Jul 1890, Clinton Township, Macomb County, Michigan, USA   2. Florry A. Devantier,   b. May 1892, Clinton Township, Macomb County, Michigan, USA + 3. Elise F. Devantier,   b. 9 Jun 1895, Clinton Township, Macomb County, Michigan, USA

Elizabeth Devantier

1858 - 1909  (51 years)

Birth	28 Jan 1858	Michigan, USA
Died	25 Oct 1909	MT. Clemens City, Macomb County, Michigan, USA
Father	Peter Devantier,   b. 3 Dec 1816, Bagemühl, Uckermark, Germany
Mother	Fredericka Wilhelmine Volker,   b. 25 Dec 1827, Germany
Family	Charles Balthauser Lauer,   b. 22 Mar 1857, Hessen, Germany
Married	17 Dec 1884	MT. Clemens City, Macomb County, Michigan, USA
Children	+ 1. Walter August Lauer,   b. 5 Oct 1885, MT. Clemens City, Macomb County, Michigan, USA + 2. Albert Arthur Lauer,   b. 28 Sep 1890, MT. Clemens City, Macomb County, Michigan, USA + 3. Emma E Lauer,   b. Oct 1892, MT. Clemens City, Macomb County, Michigan, USA

Heinrich August Devantier

1860 - 1936  (76 years)

Nickname	Henry
Birth	27 May 1860	Macomb County, Michigan, USA
Died	14 Oct 1936	MT. Clemens City, Macomb County, Michigan, USA
Father	Peter Devantier,   b. 3 Dec 1816, Bagemühl, Uckermark, Germany
Mother	Fredericka Wilhelmine Volker,   b. 25 Dec 1827, Germany
Family	Eliza Coulon,   b. 27 Apr 1867, Michigan, USA
Children	1. William Devantier,   b. 18 Jun 1888, MT. Clemens City, Macomb County, Michigan, USA   2. Walter Albert August Devantier,   b. 6 Aug 1889, MT. Clemens City, Macomb County, Michigan, USA + 3. Arthur Julius Devantier,   b. 30 Sep 1891, MT. Clemens City, Macomb County, Michigan, USA   4. Grace Devantier,   b. 1895, Michigan, USA + 5. Franz Coulon Devantier,   b. 16 Oct 1896, MT. Clemens City, Macomb County, Michigan, USA + 6. Harvey Theodore Devantier,   b. 12 Feb 1902, MT. Clemens City, Macomb County, Michigan, USA   7. Genevive Devantier,   b. 29 Dec 1903, MT. Clemens City, Macomb County, Michigan, USA

Albert Julius Devantier

1862 - 1952  (89 years)

Birth	27 May 1862	Michigan, USA
Died	27 Mar 1952	Clinton Township, Macomb County, Michigan, USA
Father	Peter Devantier,   b. 3 Dec 1816, Bagemühl, Uckermark, Germany
Mother	Fredericka Wilhelmine Volker,   b. 25 Dec 1827, Germany
Family	Emma H. Shumacher,   b. 1871, Michigan, USA
Married	13 Nov 1889	Macomb, Michigan, USA
Children	1. Stillborn Devantier,   b. 14 Aug 1890, Clinton Township, Macomb County, Michigan, USA + 2. Lillian E. Devantier,   b. 15 Nov 1891, MT. Clemens City, Macomb County, Michigan, USA + 3. Harry Leonard Devantier,   b. 11 Sep 1895, Clinton Township, Macomb County, Michigan, USA + 4. Leslie C. Devantier,   b. 1904, Clinton Township, Macomb County, Michigan, USA

Bertha Devantier

1865 -

Birth	2 Feb 1865	Clinton Township, Macomb County, Michigan, USA
Father	Peter Devantier,   b. 3 Dec 1816, Bagemühl, Uckermark, Germany
Mother	Fredericka Wilhelmine Volker,   b. 25 Dec 1827, Germany
Family	August Blank,   b. 1857
Children	+ 1. Living   2. Augusta Blank,   b. 13 Apr 1886, Clinton Township, Macomb County, Michigan, USA

Edward Devantier

1867 - 1943  (75 years)

Birth	28 Sep 1867	Clinton Township, Macomb County, Michigan, USA
Died	8 Feb 1943	Utica, MIichigan, USA
Father	Peter Devantier,   b. 3 Dec 1816, Bagemühl, Uckermark, Germany
Mother	Fredericka Wilhelmine Volker,   b. 25 Dec 1827, Germany
Family 1	Bertha Stern,   b. 17 Sep 1873, Michigan, USA
Children	1. Alma E Devantier,   b. 24 Jul 1894, Shelby Township, Macomb county, Michigan, USA + 2. Arnold Edward Devantier,   b. 9 Dec 1895, Shelby Township, Macomb county, Michigan, USA   3. Emil A. Devantier,   b. 24 Aug 1897, Shelby Township, Macomb county, Michigan, USA
Family 2	Wilhelmine “Minnie” Gombert,   b. 11 May 1865, Brandenburg, Germany
Married	1918

• Name	Peter Devantier
  Relationship	with Pierre Devantier
  Birth	3 Dec 1816	Bagemühl, Uckermark, Germany
  Gender	Male
  Emigration	1853	Michigan, USA
  	Emigration from Germany to USA
  Census	24 Aug 1860	Clinton Township, Macomb County, Michigan, USA
  	1860 census, Clinton Township, Macomb County, Michigan, USA
  		1860 census, Clinton Township, Macomb County, Michigan, USA
  Census	24 Jul 1870	Clinton Township, Macomb County, Michigan, USA
  	1870 census, Clinton Township, Macomb County, Michigan, USA
  		1870 census, Clinton Township, Macomb County, Michigan, USA
  Death	25 Mar 1876	Clinton Township, Macomb County, Michigan, USA
  		Peter Devantier
  Siblings	3 brothers and 5 sisters
  1. Marie Devantier,   b. 6 Feb 1798, Bagemühl, Uckermark, Germany + 2. Jacques Devantier,   b. 2 Jan 1800, Bagemühl, Uckermark, Germany d. 30 Dec 1864, Bagemühl, Uckermark, Germany  (Age 64 years) ▻ Marie Resinius,  m. 28 Jul 1839   3. Susanne Devantier,   b. 18 Jan 1802, Bagemühl, Uckermark, Germany > 4. Elisabeth Devantier,   b. 13 Oct 1803, Bagemühl, Uckermark, Germany ▻ Jacques le Fevre,  m. 24 Nov 1824   5. Ester Devantier,   b. 28 Apr 1805, Bagemühl, Uckermark, Germany   6. Jean Devantier,   b. 28 Sep 1807, Bagemühl, Uckermark, Germany d. 18 Jun 1843, Bagemühl, Uckermark, Germany  (Age 35 years)   7. Judith Devantier,   b. 22 Aug 1810, Bagemühl, Uckermark, Germany d. 28 Jul 1817, Bagemühl, Uckermark, Germany  (Age 6 years)   8. Charlotte Devantier,   b. 13 Apr 1813, Bagemühl, Uckermark, Germany + 9. Peter Devantier,   b. 3 Dec 1816, Bagemühl, Uckermark, Germany d. 25 Mar 1876, Clinton Township, Macomb County, Michigan, USA  (Age 59 years) ▻ Fredericka Wilhelmine Volker
  Oldest Known Ancestors	Paternal Line: Pierre Devantier,   b. La Gorgue, La Leu, Nord Pas de Calais, France Maternal Line: Esther Sy,   b. 12 Jul 1716, Bergholz, Kreis Prenzlau, Brandenburg, Germany d. 12 Mar 1780, Plöwen, Brandenburg, Germany
  Person ID	I7877	Devantier Tree | USA - Michigan Branch, Decendant of Pierre Devantier (Born before 1600), Peter Devantier (1816-1876) Branch
  Last Modified	18 May 2022

  
  

  Father	Jacques Devantier,   b. 9 Aug 1757, Bagemühl, Uckermark, Germany d. 14 Sep 1829, Bagemühl, Uckermark, Germany (Age 72 years)
  Mother	Charlotte Devantier,   b. 12 Jan 1775, Bagemühl, Uckermark, Germany
  Marriage	19 Nov 1795	Bagemühl, Uckermark, Germany
  		Marriagge Jacques & Charlotte Devantier - 1795 Netherlands, Bibliothèque Wallone Card Indexes, ca. 1500-1858 – Leiden Rolls - 4425
  Age at Marriage	He : 38 years and 3 months - She : 20 years and 10 months.
  Family ID	F3458	Group Sheet  |  Family Chart

  
  

  Family	Fredericka Wilhelmine Volker,   b. 25 Dec 1827, Germany d. 15 Feb 1889, Macomb County, Michigan, USA (Age 61 years)
  Children	+ 1. Johan Friedrich Wilhelm Devantier,   b. 14 Jan 1856, Michigan, USA d. 15 Apr 1926, Clinton Township, Macomb County, Michigan, USA (Age 70 years) m. Anna A Blank (1889) + 2. Elizabeth Devantier,   b. 28 Jan 1858, Michigan, USA d. 25 Oct 1909, MT. Clemens City, Macomb County, Michigan, USA (Age 51 years) m. Charles Balthauser Lauer (1884) + 3. Heinrich August Devantier,   b. 27 May 1860, Macomb County, Michigan, USA d. 14 Oct 1936, MT. Clemens City, Macomb County, Michigan, USA (Age 76 years) m. Eliza Coulon + 4. Albert Julius Devantier,   b. 27 May 1862, Michigan, USA d. 27 Mar 1952, Clinton Township, Macomb County, Michigan, USA (Age 89 years) m. Emma H. Shumacher (1889) + 5. Bertha Devantier,   b. 2 Feb 1865, Clinton Township, Macomb County, Michigan, USA m. August Blank + 6. Edward Devantier,   b. 28 Sep 1867, Clinton Township, Macomb County, Michigan, USA d. 8 Feb 1943, Utica, MIichigan, USA (Age 75 years) m. Bertha Stern , Wilhelmine “Minnie” Gombert (1918)
  Family ID	F2847	Group Sheet  |  Family Chart
  Last Modified	4 Nov 2007

  
  

• Event Map		Birth - 3 Dec 1816 - Bagemühl, Uckermark, Germany Emigration - Emigration from Germany to USA - 1853 - Michigan, USA Census - 1860 census, Clinton Township, Macomb County, Michigan, USA - 24 Aug 1860 - Clinton Township, Macomb County, Michigan, USA Census - 1870 census, Clinton Township, Macomb County, Michigan, USA - 24 Jul 1870 - Clinton Township, Macomb County, Michigan, USA Death - 25 Mar 1876 - Clinton Township, Macomb County, Michigan, USA  = Link to Google Earth
  Pin Legend	: Address       : Location       : City/Town       : County/Shire       : State/Province       : Country       : Not Set

  
  

• Documents		The Devantier Family Bible
  		Devantier Descendants 27 Devantier Huguenots in Uckermark and Denmark collected by Johanna Oqueka and Hans Wendt, Berlin and published in 1985