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Date |
Event(s) |
| 1 | 1639 | - 1639: First Bishops' War between Charles I and the Scottish Church; ends with Pacification of Dunse
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| 2 | 1640 | - 1640: Charles I summons the "Short " Parliament ; dissolved for refusal to grant money; Second Bishops' War; ends with Treaty of Ripon; The Long Parliament begins.
- 1640: Athanasius Kirchner's magic lantern invented
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| 3 | 1641 | - 1641: Triennial Act requires Parliament to be summoned every three years; Star Chamber and High Commission abolished by Parliament; Catholics in Ireland revolt; some 30,000 Protestants massacred; Grand Remonstrance of Parliament to Charles I
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| 4 | 1642 | - 1642: Charles I fails in attempt to arrest five members of Parliament and rejects Parliament's Nineteen Propositions; Civil War (until 1645) begins with battle of Edgehill between Cavaliers (Royalists) and Roundheads (Parliamentarians)
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| 5 | 1643 | - 1643: Solemn League and Covenant is signed by Parliament
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| 6 | 1644 | - 1644: Battle of Marston Moor; Oliver Cromwell defeats Prince Rupert
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| 7 | 1645 | - 1645: Formation of Cromwell's New Model Army; Battle of Naseby; Charles I defeated by Parliamentary forces
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| 8 | 1646 | - 1646: Charles I surrenders to the Scots
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| 9 | 1647 | - 1647: Scots surrender Charles I to Parliament; he escapes to the Isle of Wright; makes secret treaty with Scots
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| 10 | 1648 | - 1648: Scots invade England and are defeated by Cromwell at battle of Preston Pride's Purge: Presbyterians expelled from Parliament (known as the Rump Parliament); Treaty of Westphalia ends Thirty Years' War
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| 11 | 1649 | - 1649: Charles I is tried and executed; The Commonwealth, in which ; England is governed as a republic, is established and lasts until 1660; Cromwell harshly suppresses Catholic rebellions in Ireland
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| 12 | 1650 | - 1650: Charles II lands in Scotland; is proclaimed king
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| 13 | 1651 | - 1651: Thomas Hobbes, in 'Leviathan', argued from a mechanistic theory that man is a selfishly individualistic animal at constant war with others. In the state of nature, life is "nasty, brutish, and short."
- 1651: Charles II invades England and is defeated at Battle of Worcester; Charles escapes to France; First Navigation Act, England gains virtual monopoly of foreign trade
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| 14 | 1653 | - 1653: Cromwell dissolves the "Rump" and becomes Lord Protector
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| 15 | 1654 | - 1654: James Ussher, Protestant archbishop of Armagh, determined by a close reading of scriptural genealogies that the events described on the first page of the Book of Genesis occurred in 4004 B.C.
- 1654: Treaty of Westminster between England and Dutch Republic
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| 16 | 1655 | - 1655: Christiaan Huygens discovered 'Titan,' Saturn's largest moon, and that what Galileo had thought were moons were actually rings. He was the first to note markings on Mars.
- 1655: England divided into 12 military districts by Cromwell; seizes Jamaica from Spain
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| 17 | 1656 | - 1656: Huygens built the first pendulum-regulated clock. Two years later, Huygens, in Horologium, claimed that his clock could establish longitude at sea which was not then possible and had led to many maritime disasters.
- 1656: War with Spain (until 1659)
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| 18 | 1658 | - 1658: Oliver Cromwell dies; succeeded as Lord Protector by son Richard; Battle of the Dunes, England and France defeat Spain; England gains Dunkirk
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| 19 | 1659 | - 1659: Richard Cromwell forced to resign by the army; "Rump" Parliament restored
- 1659: First cheque drawn in London
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| 20 | 1660 | - 1660: Convention Parliament restores Charles II to throne
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| 21 | 1661 | - 1661: Clarendon Code; "Cavalier" Parliament of Charles II passes series of repressive laws against Nonconformists; English acquire Bombay
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| 22 | 1662 | - 1662: Boyle, using a vacuum pump of his own invention, determined that the volume and pressure of a gas are inversely proportional
- 1662: John Graunt, in 'Observations upon the Bills of Mortality', using London population data, noted that life expectancy is 27 years, with nearly two/thirds dying before 16 years.
- 1662: Act of Uniformity passed in England
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| 23 | 1664 | - 1664: England siezes New Amsterdam from the Dutch, change name to New York
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| 24 | 1665 | - 1665: Great Plague in London
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| 25 | 1666 | - 1666: Great Fire of London
- 1666: First European printed paper banknote issued
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The Devantier Family Tree
1637 - 1666 (29 years)